Tissue Affected: Gut

Klebsiella oxytoca in urinary tract and vulvovaginal infections

K. oxytoca is a commensal bacteria normally found in the gut and respiratory tract of humans, however is an emerging pathogen.

Enterobius vermicularis vaginal, urinary tract and pelvic infection

Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) usually infect the intestine, with the eggs highly transmissible, entering via the mouth. Kids are typically the most affected, however anyone can get worms. Vaginal infection isn’t common, but many case reports identify pinworms in the vagina. Read more about pinworms in the vagina and female reproductive tract

Salmonella enterica vulvovaginal infections

Salmonella enterica is a food-borne pathogen usually not associated with pelvic infections, however it has occured in the past.

Prevotella spp. in the vagina

Prevotella species are a group of bacteria that live in the mouth and vagina, and can cause infections, particularly in the gums, lungs, sinuses and ears, and wounds. Prevotella species associated with vulvovaginal or urogenital infections include:

Lactobacillus gasseri vulvovaginal and urinary tract colonisation

Lactobacillus gasseri is one of the heros of your vagina, being a good coloniser, and a hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid producer.

Lactobacillus reuteri vulvovaginal colonisation

Lactobacillus reuteri is a commonly studied probiotic bacteria in the fight against recurrent urinary tract infections. 

Lactobacillus spp.

Many areas of the human body are colonised with different species of lactobacilli, including the digestive system, vulvovaginal area, and urinary tract.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae vulvovaginal infections

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast that can inhabit the vagina, but is most famous for fermentation in wine, baking bread and brewing beer, with vulvovaginitis uncommon, but more likely to occur more in women who work in or near someone who works in a bakery or brewery.

Lactobacillus acidophilus vulvovaginal colonisation

Lactobacillus acidophilus is best known for its role in making yoghurt, but it is also a probiotic human bacteria that colonises the gut and sometimes vagina.

Lachnospira spp. vulvovaginal infections or colonisation

Generally probiotic gut bacteria. Some lachnospira taxa can be found in women with bacterial vaginosis.

Klebsiella pneumoniae urinary tract and vulvovaginal infections

Klebsiella pneumoniae may be involved in vulvovaginal and urinary tract infections, being part of aerobic vaginitis.

Helicobacter pylori vulvovaginal infections

Helicobacter pylori is most commonly associated with stomach ulcers, but it can affect other areas of the body like the vagina, urinary tract, and mouth.

Clostridium difficile vulvovaginal infections

Candida lipolytica vulvovaginal infections

Bacteroides vulgatus

Urease Positive (Ammonia), causes cellular inflammation