Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina

Commensal of the human gut, can be a pathogen in the urinary tract and respiratory tract, in particular in anyone who is in hospital or immune-compromised​1,2​. Found in hospitals as a pathogen. Is known to cause infections in soft tissue, heart, abdomen, eyes, bones, and others.

Contracted via skin, urinary tract or digestive tract, or by cross-contamination. Also found on fruit and vegetables, and devices like hot water systems. Used as a tool for biological control of some insects and pests and plant diseases.

Grows best at body temperature (37 °C). Non-spore-forming. Enterobacteriaceae family. Forms biofilms, secretes cytotoxins (enterotoxins, hemolysins, pore-forming toxins)​3​.

Has two cell membranes (gram-negative). The outer membrane, endotoxins (lipid-A from the lipopolysaccharide) cause sepsis. Lipid-A causes the release of inflammatory cytokines, which may allow endotoxins to enter tissues and blood.

Beta-lactamase, an enzyme, is responsible for antibiotic resistance and is unable to be detected in the lab. Multiple drug resistance, can be difficult to treat. ​4​

Ferments glucose, happy in anaerobic or aerobic environments. Opportunistic pathogen.

References

  1. 1.
    Annavajhala MK, Gomez-Simmonds A, Uhlemann A-C. Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacter cloacae Complex Emerging as a Global, Diversifying Threat. Front Microbiol. Published online January 31, 2019. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00044
  2. 2.
    Jean S-S, Hsueh P-R. Distribution of ESBLs, AmpC β-lactamases and carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae isolates causing intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections in the Asia-Pacific region during 2008–14: results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). J Antimicrob Chemother. Published online October 4, 2016:166-171. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw398
  3. 3.
    Mezzatesta ML, Gona F, Stefani S. Enterobacter cloacaecomplex: clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiology. Published online July 2012:887-902. doi:10.2217/fmb.12.61
  4. 4.
    Davin-Regli A, Pagès J-M. Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. Front Microbiol. Published online May 18, 2015. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00392
Condition typeBacteria
Affected systemsIntegumentary, Urinary, Digestive, Respiratory
Sexually Transmissible
Genitourinary Incidencemoderate
Age group affected

Microbial information

Anaerobe / AerobeFacultative anaerobe/aerobe
Gram stainGram-negative
Best tests to detect
  • PCR
  • DNA
  • NGS
Pathogen of
  • Skin
  • Urinary tract
  • Lungs
Commensal of
(Can naturally inhabit, but not necessarily as a healthy addition)
  • Gut
Optimal growth pH
Conditions correlated with
  • General human infection
  • Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Cellular adherence capacitiesHigh
Found in healthy vaginasNo
Biofilm-forming capacities
  • High
Cellular Morphology
  • Bacillus (rod-shaped)
Microbe MotilityMotile
Colony Colour
Substances Produced
Sexually TransmissiblePossibly

What are the symptoms of Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?

  • No symptoms found for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina, yet.

What causes Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?

  • No causes found for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina, yet.

What are the risk factors associated with Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?

How do you diagnose Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?

  • No diagnoses found for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina, yet.

How do you treat Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?

Treatments for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina are only for practitioners and people who purchased the book Killing BV and Killing BV for men.

Which treatments are likely to be ineffective for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?

What complications are associated with Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?

  • No complications found for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina, yet.

References

This entry was posted in .
SHARE YOUR CART