Commensal of the human gut, can be a pathogen in the urinary tract and respiratory tract, in particular in anyone who is in hospital or immune-compromised1,2. Found in hospitals as a pathogen. Is known to cause infections in soft tissue, heart, abdomen, eyes, bones, and others.
Contracted via skin, urinary tract or digestive tract, or by cross-contamination. Also found on fruit and vegetables, and devices like hot water systems. Used as a tool for biological control of some insects and pests and plant diseases.
Grows best at body temperature (37 °C). Non-spore-forming. Enterobacteriaceae family. Forms biofilms, secretes cytotoxins (enterotoxins, hemolysins, pore-forming toxins)3.
Has two cell membranes (gram-negative). The outer membrane, endotoxins (lipid-A from the lipopolysaccharide) cause sepsis. Lipid-A causes the release of inflammatory cytokines, which may allow endotoxins to enter tissues and blood.
Beta-lactamase, an enzyme, is responsible for antibiotic resistance and is unable to be detected in the lab. Multiple drug resistance, can be difficult to treat. 4
Ferments glucose, happy in anaerobic or aerobic environments. Opportunistic pathogen.
References
- 1.Annavajhala MK, Gomez-Simmonds A, Uhlemann A-C. Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacter cloacae Complex Emerging as a Global, Diversifying Threat. Front Microbiol. Published online January 31, 2019. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00044
- 2.Jean S-S, Hsueh P-R. Distribution of ESBLs, AmpC β-lactamases and carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae isolates causing intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections in the Asia-Pacific region during 2008–14: results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). J Antimicrob Chemother. Published online October 4, 2016:166-171. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw398
- 3.Mezzatesta ML, Gona F, Stefani S. Enterobacter cloacaecomplex: clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiology. Published online July 2012:887-902. doi:10.2217/fmb.12.61
- 4.Davin-Regli A, Pagès J-M. Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. Front Microbiol. Published online May 18, 2015. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00392
| Condition type | Bacteria |
|---|---|
| Affected systems | Integumentary, Urinary, Digestive, Respiratory |
| Sexually Transmissible | |
| Genitourinary Incidence | moderate |
| Age group affected |
Microbial information
| Anaerobe / Aerobe | Facultative anaerobe/aerobe |
|---|---|
| Gram stain | Gram-negative |
| Best tests to detect |
|
| Pathogen of |
| Commensal of (Can naturally inhabit, but not necessarily as a healthy addition) |
|
| Optimal growth pH | |
| Conditions correlated with |
|
| Cellular adherence capacities | High |
| Found in healthy vaginas | No |
| Biofilm-forming capacities |
|
| Cellular Morphology |
|
| Microbe Motility | Motile |
| Colony Colour | |
| Substances Produced | |
| Sexually Transmissible | Possibly |
What are the symptoms of Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?
- No symptoms found for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina, yet.
What causes Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?
- No causes found for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina, yet.
What are the risk factors associated with Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?
How do you diagnose Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?
- No diagnoses found for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina, yet.
How do you treat Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?
Treatments for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina are only for practitioners and people who purchased the book Killing BV and Killing BV for men.
Which treatments are likely to be ineffective for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?
What complications are associated with Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina?
- No complications found for Enterobacter cloacae in the urinary tract and vagina, yet.