If you are going to understand what’s happening to your daughter’s body, you need to know what you’re working with.

Getting it right (most of the time)

  1. Make sure she has a good relationship with your family doctor or get her a new doctor who she likes and feels comfortable with. 
  2. If she complains about one of her practitioners, get her a new one – trust is imperative. It doesn’t matter who’s right. 
  3. Listen to her problems and be kind – you don’t always have to solve things, she may just need your ear. Making an effort to understand goes a long way, though she’s probably only going to want to tell you so much – which is why her having a good relationship with her practitioners is so important. 

Common problems

Vagina and penis are not dirty words: teaching kids about their bodies

Conservative approaches to naming body parts - including genitals - are having a negative impact on our kids.

How children’s vaginas differ from adult women’s

Children's vaginas are different to women's, and this needs to be taken into account when treating them. Find out what the differences are and how to adapt.

How to react when you think your daughter may be questioning her sexuality

A guide for parents on how to kindly and lovingly support a child going through the perfectly normal step of questioning their sexuality.

Children’s UTIs

Treatment of a UTI in a young girl is going to depend on how bad the infection is.

How to clean a child’s vulva and vagina

Instructions for cleaning a young child's vulva for newbies.

STIs in children

Statistics show that about 10% of sexually abused children have an STI.

Vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge in children

Vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge in girls, and what to do about it.

Vaginal abrasions and fissures in children

How to deal with a vaginal fissure in a child.

Children's vaginas

Understanding children’s vulvovaginal conditions

Learn about children's vulvovaginal problems so you can participate more in treatment decisions for children under your care.

Vulvar, vaginal and perineal injuries

Injuries to the vagina, vulva and perineum vary in their severity and the impact the damage has on the pelvic structures. Injuries range from straddle injury to urethral damage to deep pelvic trauma.

MRKH syndrome

MRKH syndrome is a congenital abnormality, whereby the uterus, top part of the vagina, and cervix do not exist or are very small. Ovaries are usually normal, since the ovaries run off a different system.

46,XX testicular difference of sexual development (DSD)

Folks with the 46,XX testicular difference of sexual development (DSD) are genetically female, but look (and feel) like males in every other way.

Precocious puberty

Precocious puberty is the early onset of pubic hair, breasts, vulvar changes, and height in a girl. Early puberty can occur for several reasons, which may affect a girl throughout life.

Vaginal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection

MRSA is an antibiotic-resistant form of Staph that can infect the vagina. It can be life-threatening.

Cervical stenosis

Cervical stenosis is the narrowing - for whatever reason - of the cervix, the neck of tissue that joins the vagina and uterus. A narrow cervix can create a few issues with in-and-out flow between the uterus and the vagina, including sperm, periods and babies.

Children’s yeast infections

Young girls rarely get vaginal yeast infections, but if they do, we have a couple of solutions for you to get rid of it and treat the cause.

What to Do if You Have Been Raped [Pandora’s Project]

Here Pandora's Project explains what to do if you have been sexually assaulted or raped.

Cervical hypoplasia

Cervical hypoplasia is an anatomical abnormality that results in a malformed cervix, which can prevent a period from arriving or cause pain. The shape and size of the cervix can determine whether assistance will be required for pregnancies.

Vaginal hypoplasia – the partial vagina

Vaginal hypoplasia is where the vagina doesn't really exist in its full form, or exist at all. The vagina may be narrowed or have not ever developed in the person in the first place.

Vaginal pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis)

Vaginal pinworms are the same as digestive tract pinworms, but they have wriggled into the vagina and are making themselves at home. These worms can cause discharge and itching, especially at night.

Anatomy

Know your anatomy

Understanding how your child’s vulva and vagina are different to an adult woman’s is important, since it’s possible that your only experience with vaginas is in a sexual context with an adult. This is helpful, but only up to a point. Men in relationships with other men with very little experience in looking at or touching vulvas and vaginas may need a few more lessons.

This relationship to sexual contexts, and a lack of knowledge about any female’s body, can make men shy away from making important investigations and decisions about their daughter’s body. While this is understandable, with a bit more knowledge on what’s going on inside and out, you can feel confident in making executive care decisions. Knowing the anatomy of a child’s vulva and vagina is your first step.

Part of knowing the anatomy of a girl is calling things by their real names.

Call me by my name

You may be calling your daughter’s vagina or vulva by a name other than it’s real name, and now is the time to stop that cold turkey, and start naming body parts accurately. This is about much more than your possible embarrassment, and becomes a safety mechanism that you arm your daughter with.

Naming body parts accurately is important for a few reasons:

  • If something goes wrong, your daughter can name at least the area that is sore accurately to you or to a doctor
  • You and your daughter should feel comfortable referring to body parts by their real names, just like you would an arm or a foot
  • Using proper names stops kids feeling the shame of their parents around their bodies – don’t give your girl a hangup – she’s already got a pretty hard run ahead of her
  • If someone touches her inappropriately, your daughter can confidently speak up – ‘down there’ is pretty vague and can cause either unnecessary alarm or a lack of alarm when it is required
  • Teach her the body parts of boys too
  • Be prepared for your daughter to humiliate you inadvertently! Don’t tell her off for things that aren’t actually bad and use it as a teaching moment and laugh

To know what her body parts are called, you’ll need to check out the diagrams. You will need to be the judge of how much she needs to know based on her age and comprehension.

The most important names relate generally to the vagina and vulva – the inside is the vagina and the outside is the vulva. There is actually not one single name in English for the whole vulvovaginal area. Most people just call it the vagina, and mean the whole area, which is fine up to a certain point.

As she gets older and other things possibly go wrong, you can teach her other names for other areas, like vulva, labia, anus, clitoris, and perineum. You can do this teaching on a need-to-know basis as your child grows, but don’t shy away from it if it doesn’t come up. Take your educational moments where you can, so that if later something comes up, your daughter has her words. This means she’ll also have her words if something happens to her and you aren’t around to translate.

Vag basics

Here we take you through the anatomy of the vulva and vagina, with pictures so you get a clearer view of what's going on downstairs.

Understanding female anatomy

Here we take a closer look at what the female reproductive system looks like.

The vulva and vagina through ages and changes

An overview of how your vulva and vagina changes throughout your life, from being a newborn to old age.

Gynaecology in children and babies

We briefly overview the vulva and vagina from a developmental perspective - what to expect.

Vulvovaginitis and infections

A child’s vagina has very little bacteria (good or bad) in it, because it is the influence of oestrogen that encourages friendly bacteria to grow. Oestrogen, which only starts at puberty, causes the vaginal cells to produce glycogen (a sugar) that lactobacilli feed on. Without the oestrogen or glycogen, a prepubertal girl’s vagina is very much like her grandmother’s in many ways, sans the wrinkles and greys.

This can mean her putting the wrong things in or close to her vagina (think wiping from back to front, dirty toys or toilet paper, you name it) can cause infections, as there isn’t a lot to defend the vagina from invaders. Vulvovaginitis remains a common affliction of young girls, but usually identifying the cause and removing it/treating it solves the problem quickly.

Low to no oestrogen also makes her vulva and vagina look and behave in a unique way that will change once she hits puberty. This is important, because your relationship will change at this point, and you need to know the signs that she is having hormonal shifts and puberty is impending.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) – how it can affect the vagina and urinary tract

EBV is a cause of vulvar ulcers, particularly in younger girls, with the manifestation of this virus in the genitals thought to be rare.

Clues to help determine the cause of vulvar and vaginal problems affecting girls

Young girls can't always tell you what's wrong, so get the run-down on the most common problems so you can treat it quick.

Congenital syphilis

Congenital syphilis is completely treatable, but untreated, can cause serious and permanent health problems.

Treating a child’s minor urinary tract infection at home

The proximity of the urethra to the anus makes it ripe for infection. Learn how to fix it.

Vaginal pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis)

Vaginal pinworms are the same as digestive tract pinworms, but they have wriggled into the vagina and are making themselves at home. These worms can cause discharge and itching, especially at night.

Mycoplasma infections in children

Mycoplasma bacteria are tiny microbes with no cell wall, that are highly antibiotic resistant, and are very good at adhering to mucous membranes in the urinary and genital tracts.

Vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge in children

Vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge in girls, and what to do about it.

Vulvovaginitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae in children

H. influenzae is a common cause of vulvovaginitis in children, but it may not be easily detected by a GP or standard cultures.

Puberty

Understanding the onset of puberty

Puberty happens over a couple of years, with the first signs puffy, sore nipples and pubic hair. She’ll start to smell different and need a bit of coaching on personal hygiene, and of course some deodorant (and instructions on how to use it).

The pubic hair will start as a fine fluff, and there won’t be much. Usually she’ll have some extra fat on her body, since a girl needs at least 17 per cent body fat for enough oestrogen to be made to trigger ovulation and the menstrual cycle.

It’s important to be very considerate of her changing body and privacy needs. This will signal a change in your relationship where she goes from being an open kid to a more secretive, shy pre-teen. It’s important to have set the scene with her before this happens to ensure that she feels like she can talk to you about things that might concern her.

It’s also useful to have set her up with a female adult, if her mother is not around, so that she has someone to ask tricky questions that she doesn’t want to ask you. If you have educated yourself, however, and show yourself to be knowledgeable, you may just find that she feels comfortable to ask you some things. This is a great spot to be, but most men miss this opportunity.

How nature figures out when we get our periods

We look over a study that figured out that girls with older sisters got their periods later than girls without.

A hands-on guide to getting to know your vulva

We explain how to truly investigate your vulva so you know what every part is called, what it feels like, and what it should be doing.

Periods

Understanding her period

You may have spent your whole life avoiding talking to women about their periods, and know zilch. Before your daughter gets her period, give yourself a crash course in periods and the menstrual cycle so you don’t miss important clues.

The important part of periods that you need to keep an eye on are:

    1. Watch that she gets her period within the allotted time frame (i.e. after age 10 and before age 15 give or take), and if it doesn’t come, take her to the doctor.
    2. Make sure her periods are reasonably regular and fit into the not too close together and not too far apart category (between 21 and 35 days apart, any number between is fine each time).
    3. Teach her how to track her periods using a period tracker app or calendar. The day to record is the day bleeding starts, as that is Day 1 of the menstrual cycle. 
    4. Give her the information she needs to figure out when she ovulates, and how she can learn to feel it (this helps later when unwanted pregnancies are on the cards – knowledge is power!).
    5. Ensure her period pain is managed adequately – teach her how to use self-care to alleviate period pain at home, with or without medication, so that she can treat herself anywhere anytime, and also buy her own drugs. Period pain, especially early on, can be debilitating. 
    6. Take her to the doctor if her period pain is severe or even just really bad – she may have something more going on than just her period.
    7. She has choices regarding what she would like to use as her menstrual hygiene products (pads, tampons, menstrual cup, period undies) but may need someone to teach her how to use them (can be the internet). Make sure she has options. 
    8. Making sure she doesn’t feel embarrassed asking you to buy supplies or give her money to buy her own (and make sure she does). Check if her school has free supplies available. 
    9. Arrange for her to buy new underwear more regularly – periods come unexpectedly and they really do ruin underwear – black or red cotton underwear is a good choice to minimise shopping.
    10. Teach her how to use stain remover and wash her own clothes.
    11. Explain period hygiene and etiquette.
    12. Explain what she can expect from her period.
How to get hormone and blood testing

Learn how to get hormone testing on the right day for the most useful results, and what to do with the results.

Understanding light or irregular periods (oligomenorrhoea)

Irregular periods are a cause for pause, as they indicate that a healthy menstrual cycle is not occurring when it should be.

Is my period pain normal?

Period pain can be severe, but is this normal? We discuss what's normal and what's not.

The smell of blood – why your period smells metallic

Ever wondered why blood smells metallic? We've found out for you! Plus some interesting science tidbits about humans and the smell of blood.

What to expect from your period

We go over what you should expect from your first ever periods and talk over how to manage them, including what products to buy, how to predict your periods, and what cramps mean.

What your period blood colour and consistency means

Wondering what clots in your period mean? Why period might be brown sometimes? What bleeding between periods could indicate? We explain the different colours, consistencies and (ir)regularities of your period.

How nature figures out when we get our periods

We look over a study that figured out that girls with older sisters got their periods later than girls without.

What’s the difference between PMS and PMDD?

Understanding the difference between PMS and PMDD.

Understanding Hormones

The HPO and HPA axes

The HPO and HPA axes are two critical feedback loops that govern our stress response and the intricate hormonal interplays of the menstrual cycle.

Laser hair removal for hirsutism

We explain how laser hair removal works if you have unwanted hair caused by hirsutism.

How to fix PCOS

Fixing PCOS - truly fixing it - is a combination effort. We explain.

What causes PCOS?

We explain what causes PCOS and what having PCOS looks like, plus strategies to overcome some of the common issues.

What is relative oestrogen deficiency?

If you are skinny, smoke, eat too much fibre or over-exercise, you could be at risk of your periods stopping due to relative oestrogen deficiency.

What to expect from your period

We go over what you should expect from your first ever periods and talk over how to manage them, including what products to buy, how to predict your periods, and what cramps mean.

How to moisten a dry vagina

A quick look at the different options for moistening a dry vagina.

How stress causes acne

Learn how and why stress hormones can cause or worsen acne, by learning the hormonal cascades that run our bodies. If you suffer from stress and acne, you need to read this. Get your science goggles on.