For Parents

Navigating the care of a small child’s body isn’t always easy or straightforward, especially if you are not just new to a child’s vagina, but vaginas in general.

There are the main handful of concerns for parents, with each concern typically connected to a certain age group of child.

We’ve split this section up into age groups, so it’s easier to find what you need.

A great place to start if you’re a bit lost is Gynaecology in children and babies, how children’s vaginas differ to adult women’s, and our special section just for dads.

Anatomical abnormalities and differences in sexual development – newborns to teenagers

As soon as a baby is born, it may be obvious that the child has differences in sexual development, which are variously called anatomical abnormalities, congenital abnormalities, or more recently, different. That is, different to the typical boy or girl who is born looking more or less the same as other boys and girls.

We’ll use the term ‘differences’, since it encompasses all outcomes without judgement as to whether something is abnormal or not.

If anything is clear, it’s that there are a vast range of human bodies, and none is necessarily more normal than any other.

There are some congenital abnormalities that are considered anomalies, discussed further in our section on anatomical abnormalities and differences in sexual development.

Some glitches can occur when a baby is being built in the womb, due to some known and unknown factors.

The end result can be flesh where flesh shouldn’t be, or ovaries where there should technically speaking be testes, a vulva that resembles a scrotum, and a clitoris that seems more like a small penis.

There is a spectrum of genitalia that ranges from entirely female to entirely male, with every possible combination imaginable in existence.

That could be a penis and vagina, two penises, two uteruses, half a vagina, testes instead of ovaries, and on and on. People who are not phenotypically male or female – that is, people who don’t fit clearly into one category – are known as intersex.

There are a lot of intersex people; in fact some numbers put kids born with ambiguous genitalia at as much as one child for every 300-500 live births. That is, for every 400 kids born, at least one of them will have genitals that don’t fit the classic mould.

Then there are the discoveries when a girl doesn’t get her period after about age 15, when it’s revealed that she has blockages (thick hymen, longitudinal or horizontal septum) or is missing some reproductive organs. Thorough investigations will reveal the extent of the differences, and fertility outcomes will be explained.

Common vaginal conditions found in children

Some vaginal conditions in children include labial adhesion (where the labia stick together, fusing, due to the lack of oestrogen in kids), vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge caused by irritation or infections, and damage caused by accidents, like hitting the middle bar of a bike.

We also cover hymen injuries.

Sexual abuse in children

We also discuss the physical effects of sexual abuse and infections passed on by sexual abuse of children. It’s useful to know what to look out for in children, and have strategies in place to get a child looked at without causing alarm.

If you are going to understand what’s happening to your daughter’s body, you need to know what you’re working with.

Doing right by your daughter

Make sure she has a good relationship with your family doctor or get her a new doctor – it helps if it is a younger woman who is a bit more ‘woke’ and not an old guy.
If she complains about one of her practitioners, get her a new one – trust is imperative. It doesn’t matter who’s right.
Listen to her problems and be kind – you don’t always have to solve things, she may just need your ear. Making an effort to understand goes a long way, but she’s probably only going to want to tell you so much.

How to react when you think your daughter may be questioning her sexuality

When a child starts questioning their sexuality, it's crucial for parents to offer understanding and support. This article delves into what questioning means, the differences between bisexuality and sexual fluidity, and how parents can approach this sensitive topic with care, avoiding common pitfalls like dismissal or homophobia. It emphasizes the

Differences of Sexual Development (DSD)

Differences of sexual development (DSD) encompass a spectrum of conditions that diverge from typical male or female development in the womb. Previously known as intersex conditions, DSDs are more common than often perceived, with conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia affecting 1 in 15,000 live births globally. This article delves into

Treating a child’s minor urinary tract infection at home

When your child suffers from a minor urinary tract infection (UTI), immediate and effective home care is crucial. This article covers symptoms, reasons behind UTIs in children, and home remedies including cranberry and D-mannose treatments. It emphasizes the importance of professional medical care and provides guidance on managing symptoms at

Complete, mild, or partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS, MAIS, PAIS)

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) encompasses conditions like CAIS, MAIS, and PAIS, where individuals genetically male (46, XY) may develop with female characteristics due to their cells' inability to respond to androgens. This article delves into the nuances of these conditions, including diagnosis, physical characteristics, psychological impacts, and management strategies, offering

Variations in genitalia

Variations in genitalia, now often referred to as Differences of Sexual Development (DSD), occur in about one in every 4,500 newborns. These variations can be due to a wide range of genetic and hormonal factors, leading to atypical development of a child's external and internal reproductive organs. This article delves

Children’s UTIs

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children, often mistaken for urethral irritation, are more common than perceived. The close proximity of the urethra to the anus facilitates bacterial spread, leading to infections. Distinguishing between UTIs and irritation caused by external factors like toilet paper and soaps is crucial for effective treatment.

Genital ulcers from non-sexually-transmissible viral sources

Vulvar ulcers, not caused by sexually transmitted infections, can afflict young women and adolescents, often linked to viruses like Epstein-Barr and cytomegalovirus. These ulcers, known as Lipschutz ulcers or vulvar aphthae, present with symptoms such as pain, swollen lymph nodes, and flu-like signs. A study highlights the prevalence and characteristics

Vaginal atresia

Vaginal atresia is a medical condition characterized by a closed or non-existent vagina, resulting from various congenital abnormalities such as vaginal hypoplasia, vaginal agenesis, an imperforate hymen, or a transverse vaginal septum. These conditions can lead to significant health issues, including abdominal pain and the accumulation of menstrual blood.

Children's vaginas

Vulvar, vaginal and perineal injuries

Vulvar, vaginal, and perineal injuries can occur through various accidents and activities, especially in young girls. These injuries, ranging from straddle to insufflation injuries, require immediate medical attention to prevent complications related to fertility, sexuality, and overall comfort. Treatment varies based on the injury's severity, often involving a comprehensive pelvic

Cervical stenosis

Cervical stenosis involves the narrowing or closure of the cervix, leading to potential complications such as pelvic pain, fertility issues, and endometriosis. Understanding its causes, from foetal abnormalities to postmenopausal atrophy, and exploring treatment options, including dilators and surgery, can offer relief and improve quality of life for those affected.

46,XX ovotesticular difference of sexual development (DSD)

46,XX ovotesticular DSD, also known as true hermaphroditism, occurs in 1 in every 20,000 live births, featuring both ovarian and testicular tissue. This comprehensive guide delves into its presentation, diagnosis, and the critical importance of psychological support and informed treatment choices, highlighting the complexity and individuality of each case.

5-alpha-reductase deficiency (5 ARD)

5-alpha reductase type 2 deficiency (5 ARD) is a genetic condition affecting the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), crucial for male genital development. This leads to variations in genitalia in genetic males, posing challenges in gender identity and necessitating careful management of surgical and hormonal interventions. While it significantly

Understanding children’s vulvovaginal conditions

Children's vaginal problems, though common, can be alarming without proper knowledge. This article delves into understanding and managing vulvovaginal conditions in children, emphasizing the importance of communication, correct terminology, and seeking professional medical advice. It covers common issues such as vulvovaginitis and the significance of recognizing anatomical differences, aiming to

Three cute little monsters stand on a vine branch looking cute cute cute!

Anatomy of a girl’s vulva and vagina

The anatomy of a pre-pubescent girl's vulva and vagina differs significantly from that of an adult woman, necessitating different care and language. This article delves into the basic parts of the vulva and vagina, highlighting the importance of understanding and correctly naming each part to ensure proper care and communication.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) – how it can affect the vagina and urinary tract

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), primarily known for causing infectious mononucleosis, can also impact the vagina and urinary tract, leading to symptoms such as vulvar ulcers, vaginal discharge, and urinary pain. This article delves into the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment options for EBV-related genitourinary symptoms, shedding light on a lesser-known aspect

Uterine hypoplasia

Uterine hypoplasia is a congenital disorder where a child is born with a small or malformed uterus, potentially leading to issues like primary amenorrhoea, abdominal pain, and infertility. This condition, sometimes related to MRKH syndrome, requires thorough diagnosis including pelvic examinations and imaging. Understanding the various types of uterine hypoplasia

46,XX testicular difference of sexual development (DSD)

46,XX testicular difference of sexual development (DSD) is a condition where individuals have two X chromosomes but develop male physical characteristics. Also known as XX male syndrome, this condition affects about 1 in 20,000 live births and involves a complex interplay of genetics, including the SRY gene. Treatment often begins

Variations in genitalia

How to clean a child’s vulva and vagina

Cleaning a child's vulva and vagina requires gentle care, avoiding harsh soaps and teaching them proper hygiene as they grow. Learn to use plain water and soft cloths for cleaning, and why it's crucial to avoid irritants and educate your child on their body parts for their comfort and health.

Clues to help determine the cause of vulvar and vaginal problems affecting girls

Vulvar and vaginal issues in girls, ranging from urinary tract infections to yeast infections, present a variety of symptoms like discharge, itching, and pain. This article offers a guide to identifying these symptoms and understanding potential causes, from poor hygiene practices to more serious conditions like lichenoid conditions or labial

Anatomy

Know your anatomy

Part of knowing the anatomy of a girl is calling things by their real names. You may be calling your daughter’s vagina or vulva by a name other than it’s real name, and now is the time to stop that cold turkey, and start naming body parts accurately. This is about much more than your possible embarrassment, and becomes a safety mechanism that you arm your daughter with.

Naming body parts accurately is important for a few reasons:

If something goes wrong, your daughter can at least accurately name the area that is causing issues to you or a doctor
You and your daughter should feel comfortable referring to body parts by their real names, just like you would an arm or a foot
Using proper names stops kids feeling the shame of their parents around their bodies – don’t give your girl a hangup – she’s already got a pretty hard run ahead of her
If someone touches her inappropriately, your daughter can confidently speak up – ‘down there’ is pretty vague and can cause either unnecessary alarm or a lack of alarm when it is required
Teach her the body parts of boys too

You will need to be the judge of how much she needs to know based on her age and comprehension.

The most important names relate generally to the vagina and vulva – the inside is the vagina and the outside is the vulva. There is actually not one single name in English for the whole vulvovaginal area.

This means she’ll also have her words if something happens to her and you aren’t around to translate.

The vulva and vagina through ages and changes

From birth through to old age, the female body experiences significant transformations, particularly in the vulva and vagina. This article delves into the developmental stages, from the effects of hormones in the womb, through puberty, pregnancy, and into menopause, highlighting the natural changes and challenges faced at each stage. Understanding

Understanding female anatomy

This comprehensive guide to female anatomy is designed to educate both learners and parents. It covers key anatomical areas such as the labia, clitoris, vagina, and more, providing the latest in anatomy news and insights. Whether you're starting your anatomical journey or looking to deepen your understanding, this guide offers

Gynaecology in children and babies

Paediatric gynaecology offers a unique insight into the gynaecological health and development of children and babies, from neonatal stages through to adolescence. This article delves into the normal physiological changes, hormonal milestones, and the appropriate approach to examinations, providing a comprehensive overview of female sexual development during the early stages

Vag basics

The vagina and vulva are integral parts of female anatomy, each with unique structures and functions. From sexual pleasure to childbirth, this guide demystifies their roles and explains the difference between the two, complete with engaging diagrams to enhance understanding. Discover the complexities of these body parts, their contribution to

Vulvovaginitis and infections

A child’s vagina has very little bacteria (good or bad) in it, because it is the influence of oestrogen that encourages friendly bacteria to grow. Oestrogen, which only starts at puberty, causes the vaginal cells to produce glycogen (a sugar) that lactobacilli feed on. Without the oestrogen or glycogen, a prepubertal girl’s vagina is very much like her grandmother’s in many ways, sans the wrinkles and greys.

This can mean her putting the wrong things in or close to her vagina (think wiping from back to front, dirty toys or toilet paper, you name it) can cause infections, as there isn’t a lot to defend the vagina from invaders. Vulvovaginitis remains a common affliction of young girls, but usually identifying the cause and removing it/treating it solves the problem quickly.

Low to no oestrogen also makes her vulva and vagina look and behave in a unique way that will change once she hits puberty. This is important, because your relationship will change at this point, and you need to know the signs that she is having hormonal shifts and puberty is impending.

STIs in children

The article delves into the disturbing reality of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in children, predominantly acquired through sexual abuse. It highlights the necessity of comprehensive swab tests for early detection, given the absence of symptoms, and outlines the severe long-term health consequences, including infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease. The piece

Children’s yeast infections

Vaginal yeast infections in young girls are rare but can occur, particularly post-antibiotic use or illness. As children approach puberty, the risk increases. Treatment focuses on identifying the cause, using probiotics or probiotic foods to support the immune system, and, if necessary, consulting with a herbalist for child-friendly remedies.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) – how it can affect the vagina and urinary tract

Vaginal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection

A vaginal MRSA infection is a serious concern due to its resistance to common antibiotics like methicillin, vancomycin, and doxycycline. Originating from overuse of antibiotics, MRSA can cause symptoms such as painful pimples, fever, and a foul odour, and is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, including sexual intercourse. Immediate medical attention

Congenital syphilis

Congenital syphilis is a serious infection passed from mother to foetus, with a transmission risk of 60-80%. It manifests in two forms: early and late congenital syphilis, each with distinct symptoms ranging from skin lesions to intellectual disabilities in early stages, and bone lesions to dental deformities in later stages.

Treating a child’s minor urinary tract infection at home

Vulvovaginitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae in children

Vulvovaginitis, a common condition in prepubertal girls, can be caused by Haemophilus influenzae, a bacteria less known than streptococcus but equally significant. This article explores the symptoms, antibiotic resistance issues, and the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment to manage this condition effectively.

Vaginal pinworms or threadworms

Vaginal pinworms, a misadventure of Enterobius vermicularis from the digestive tract to the vagina, present unique symptoms and require careful treatment. This article delves into the signs of infection, traditional and home remedies, and essential preventive practices to manage and eradicate these parasites effectively.

Puberty

Understanding the onset of puberty

Puberty happens over a couple of years, with the first signs puffy, sore nipples and pubic hair. She’ll start to smell different and need a bit of coaching on personal hygiene, and of course some deodorant (and instructions on how to use it).

The pubic hair will start as a fine fluff, and there won’t be much. Usually she’ll have some extra fat on her body, since a girl needs at least 17 per cent body fat for enough oestrogen to be made to trigger ovulation and the menstrual cycle.

It’s important to be very considerate of her changing body and privacy needs. This will signal a change in your relationship where she goes from being an open kid to a more secretive, shy pre-teen. It’s important to have set the scene with her before this happens to ensure that she feels like she can talk to you about things that might concern her.

It’s also useful to have set her up with a female adult, if her mother is not around, so that she has someone to ask tricky questions that she doesn’t want to ask you. If you have educated yourself, however, and show yourself to be knowledgeable, you may just find that she feels comfortable to ask you some things. This is a great spot to be, but most men miss this opportunity.

How nature figures out when we get our periods

Research reveals intriguing insights into how living conditions and family composition affect the age at which girls get their first period. From the presence of siblings to the percentage of body fat, various factors contribute to this significant milestone in a woman's life. This article delves into the evolutionary strategies

A hands-on guide to getting to know your vulva

This hands-on guide demystifies the anatomy and functions of the vulva, offering detailed steps for self-examination and understanding. From the protective labia to the sensitive clitoris, learn how each part plays a crucial role in sexual sensation, protection, and more. With practical advice on getting familiar with your own body,

Periods

The important part of periods that you need to keep an eye on are:

1. Watch that she gets her period within the allotted time frame (i.e. after age 10 and before age 15 give or take), and if it doesn’t come, take her to the doctor.
2. Make sure her periods are reasonably regular and fit into the not too close together and not too far apart category (between 21 and 35 days apart, any number between is fine each time).
3. Teach her how to track her periods using a period tracker app or calendar. The day to record is the day bleeding starts, as that is Day 1 of the menstrual cycle.
4. Give her the information she needs to figure out when she ovulates, and how she can learn to feel it (this helps later when unwanted pregnancies are on the cards – knowledge is power!).
5. Ensure her period pain is managed adequately – teach her how to use self-care to alleviate period pain at home, with or without medication, so that she can treat herself anywhere anytime, and also buy her own drugs. Period pain, especially early on, can be debilitating.
6. Take her to the doctor if her period pain is severe or even just really bad – she may have something more going on than just her period.
7. She has choices regarding what she would like to use as her menstrual hygiene products (pads, tampons, menstrual cup, period undies) but may need someone to teach her how to use them (can be the internet). Make sure she has options.
8. Making sure she doesn’t feel embarrassed asking you to buy supplies or give her money to buy her own (and make sure she does). Check if her school has free supplies available.
9. Arrange for her to buy new underwear more regularly – periods come unexpectedly and they really do ruin underwear – black or red cotton underwear is a good choice to minimise expense.
10. Teach her how to use stain remover and wash her own clothes.
11. Explain period hygiene and etiquette.
12. Explain what she can expect from her period.

a very abstract blood vessel with stuff in it

How to get hormone and blood testing

Understanding the optimal days for hormone and blood testing can significantly impact the accuracy of your results. Whether you're experiencing symptoms influenced by hormonal imbalances or simply wish to check your health status, knowing the correct day of your menstrual cycle or adjusting for menopausal status is crucial. This article

Understanding light or irregular periods (oligomenorrhoea)

Irregular periods, or oligomenorrhoea, can be a sign of underlying health issues or natural life changes. This article explores the causes, from hormonal imbalances like PCOS and thyroid issues to lifestyle factors, and outlines both medical and holistic treatment options. Understanding the reasons behind irregular menstrual cycles is the first

Is my period pain normal?

Period pain is a common experience, but severe period pain is not normal and may indicate underlying health issues. This article explores the difference between normal and severe period pain, natural treatments for managing discomfort, and the importance of seeking medical advice for persistent or severe pain. It also touches

The smell of blood – why your period smells metallic

The metallic smell of period blood, often compared to the scent of coins, is not directly caused by iron but by the interaction of iron with skin oils or blood itself. This article explores the complex chemical reactions that lead to the creation of odorous carbonyl hydrocarbons, challenging common misconceptions

What to expect from your period

Understanding your menstrual cycle is crucial for managing it effectively. This article covers essential aspects of periods, including how to track them, deal with period pain, choose sanitary products, and recognize signs of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). It also touches on the importance of knowing your

What your period blood colour and consistency means

The colour and consistency of your period blood can offer clues about your overall health. From bright red indicating a healthy period to dark, thick, or brown blood suggesting slower flow, and even pale, watery blood hinting at hormonal imbalances, this article delves into what various period blood characteristics might

How nature figures out when we get our periods

What’s the difference between PMS and PMDD?

Understanding the difference between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. While PMS symptoms are often physical, PMDD primarily affects mood and can significantly impact daily life. This article dives into the symptoms, diagnosis criteria, and treatment options for both conditions, helping

Understanding Hormones

How your gut bacteria affect oestrogen

The relationship between your gut bacteria and oestrogen is crucial for hormonal balance, affecting everything from vaginal health to bone density. This article explores how gut bacteria regulate oestrogen metabolism through the oestrobolome process, impacting your overall health and potentially influencing cancer risk.

How stress causes acne

Stress significantly impacts acne development by causing hormonal imbalances, leading to increased sebum production and inflammation. This article delves into the cortisol-insulin-androgen connection and offers insights into managing stress and dietary changes to mitigate acne. It also highlights the secondary effects of stress on vaginal health, underscoring the interconnectedness of

The HPO and HPA axes

The HPO (hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian) and HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axes are crucial feedback systems regulating stress responses and reproductive health. Understanding their interplay reveals insights into conditions such as stress-induced amenorrhoea, PCOS, and the hormonal shifts during pregnancy and postpartum periods. This article delves into how these axes function, their impact on women's

Do I have PCOS?

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a condition diagnosed based on the Rotterdam Criteria, requiring at least two of the following: irregular cycles, evidence of high androgens, or polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Understanding these criteria and consulting with your doctor for a thorough assessment can help determine if you have PCOS,

Laser hair removal for hirsutism

Laser hair removal presents a viable solution for individuals grappling with hirsutism, particularly those affected by PCOS. This method targets hair follicles without damaging the skin, requiring several sessions over a period to achieve lasting results. It's generally painless and suitable for a wide range of skin and hair types,

How diet impacts oestrogen levels

Dietary choices significantly influence oestrogen levels, impacting risks for conditions like endometriosis. High intake of saturated fats and low fibre are linked to increased oestrogen, while diets rich in green vegetables, fresh fruits, and low in animal fats can help maintain healthier levels. This article delves into how foods affect

What are polycystic ovaries?

Polycystic ovaries are characterized by the presence of multiple cyst-like follicles on the ovaries, often associated with PCOS, affecting fertility and hormonal balance. While having some follicles is normal, more than 12 per ovary indicates a condition that can lead to symptoms like acne, irregular periods, and insulin resistance. Understanding

Synthetic hormones in contraceptive pills and rings

This article provides a comprehensive guide on the various synthetic hormones found in contraceptive pills and rings, aimed at assisting individuals in making well-informed choices regarding their contraceptive methods. The detailed table included offers a clear comparison of the hormonal components in different contraceptive options, facilitating a better understanding of

Posted on April 20, 2015June 16, 2023
Last reviewed June 16, 2023

For Parents

Anatomical abnormalities and differences in sexual development – newborns to teenagers

Common vaginal conditions found in children

Sexual abuse in children

Doing right by your daughter

For Parents

Children's vaginas

Anatomy

Know your anatomy

Naming body parts accurately is important for a few reasons:

Vulvovaginitis and infections

Puberty

Understanding the onset of puberty

Periods

Understanding Hormones

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